As I crossed a bridge of dreams essays

As I crossed an extension of dreams papers As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams was composed as a route for the creator to get away from her life in the midst of strife or when things had gotten stale. The book appears to be increasingly similar to a diary she had always wanted or her interests than a novel. Like life, there is no plot to the book. It is only an assortment of recollections that were critical to the writer, in spite of the fact that to the outcast perusing the book, they may appear to be aimless. They, be that as it may, mirror her convictions and sentiments at that point. The book starts with the writer discussing Tales. She is captivated with these Tales and can not get enough of them. She previously took in them from relative who might reveal to her the accounts. This prompted an incredible want to peruse them all alone. It appears just as she needs to live in one of these Tales to get away from the dreariness of her own life. As she gets more seasoned, her family intends to leave the little region where they live, and move to the capital. As they ride away from the house, she begins to wail over deserting the Buddha sculpture that she subtly appealed to around evening time. This is the point at which we initially figure out how touchy she is. In the early long periods of her life she cries over the littlest thing. The demise of an outsider even carried her to tears. The Tales she was so attached to appeared to be the main thing to satisfy her. As she got more established, the creator concentrated more on her fantasies and Buddhism. She went on numerous journeys and concentrated on supplication. She accepted a significant number of the fantasies she had were predictions. She likewise accepted that the mishaps throughout her life came about in light of the fact that she hadnt tuned in to her fantasies and didn't implore regularly enough. The writer of the book talks minimal about her family. The concise notice of her significant other just prompts his demise. She didn't manage his demise or the passing of any of her other relatives. She reprimanded herself for not supplicating enough when she was more youthful and secured herself away her home. However we keep on living regardless of all our sufferi... <!

Trip to Karachi

The previous winter we, a gathering of ten understudy, went to Karachi. Our collection had masterminded this visit. Our educator. Mr.. Name Hosannas, was accountable for the gathering. We all had anticipated this visit. We had not seen Karachi, however had gotten notification from individuals that it was a great city. Specifically we were anxious to sue the sea. It was the 25th of December. At the point when we left Lahore via train. The excursion was long. The winter was more extreme than expected. Be that as it may, we were glad, and the long. Slow Journey didn't hose our cheerful moods. Next daddy arrived at Karachi late in the afternoon.We went draft to the cub scouts lodging on the new sovereigns street where we had organized to remain. One our way to the inn. We had our first perspective on Karachi. The absolute first thing we saw was that the street were extremely wide. The traffic was a lot more prominent than that we had found In Lahore. The quantity of vehicles we saw on th e streets Indicated the flourishing of the city. The structure were extremely palatial. On arriving at the inn we felt tired. We chose to go through the night unobtrusively in our rooms. Following day, promptly toward the beginning of the day, we started our voyage through the city. Above all else we went to the Mazda of our darling head, Squad ?I-Gamma , to pay our homage.After offering confidence we went to the house where Q help I-Gamma was conceived. It was an old there-story building. The room where our pioneer was conceived was on the primary floor. A portion of the furnishings and garments of Squad-I-Gamma were on the show In the room. After this we went to Clifton sea shore . The most well known cookout resort in Karachi There we saw the ocean just because. An incredible territory of water was before us. It extended the extent that the eye could see. We stripped and not the ocean for a dip. Our teacher was constantly instructing us not to go far. After the swim, we had tea I n a café the sea shore. It was presently mum for lunch.So we came back to the city. In the wake of taking our lunch. We felt rather worn out and chose to rest to two or three house. At night we need out and meandered in the bazaar till late in the night. Each one appeared to be in a rush. The enormous lodgings of Karachi were awesome structures. They were luxuriously enhanced. Brightly. It and loaded up with the hints of music and chuckling. Following day we visited Karachi port and estate island. The maritime specialists sympathetically permitted us to visit the PENS . Crystallized , the officials and men of the boat were considerate. They gave all of us over the hip and disclosed all that we needed to know . N the night, we went to see the air terminal. The primary Item on our software engineer for the following day was a visit to the state bank, it was a superb structure. We were a lot of intrigued by its rooftop garden and elegantly brightened gathering lobby and library. The r est day we spent in visiting the national gallery and the Karachi zoo, it was our shoot day in Karachi Trip to Karachi By Abductees Last winter we, a gathering of ten understudy, went to Karachi. Our collection had organized 25th of December. At the point when we left Lahore via train. The Journey was long. The winter hose our cheerful moods. Following day we arrived at Karachi late in the afternoon.We went we had found in Lahore. The quantity of vehicles we saw on the streets showed the cherished pioneer, Squad - I-Gamma , to pay our respect. In the wake of offering confidence we went to garments of Squad-I-Gamma were on the show in the room. After this we went to Clifton sea shore , the most famous excursion resort in Karachi. There we saw the ocean for the first to go extremely far. After the swim, we had tea in a café the sea shore. It was currently time Karachi were impressive structures. They were lavishly brightened. Brightly. It and air terminal. The main thing on our softw are engineer for the following day was a visit to the state

A week in my new world

A week in my new world . . . Have you ever had that feeling where you have so much going through your head at once that you cant get anything out. Its like you have 50000010500000 things to say but your mouth and brain are like, Sorry homie, we are only going to let one thing out at a time. I think the most efficient way to solve this problem would be to simply create a device that would allow you to think these 50000010500000 and to simply transfer them directly into other people’s heads (pay close attention to my use of the word simply). Of course that doesnt exist (but hey, I dont see why you guys cant invent it); however, until then you will just have to settle with this video that I made with the help of another class of 2019 (Thank You Nina Lutz for multiple hours in editing, to my family for being awesome in the videos, to my best friends Diann Huynh and Chielo Mbaezue for participating, and then of course everyone at MIT for appearing)!!! If you would like to hear me talk about getting to MIT and my last days at home then start at the beginning; however, if you would rather just see everything that went on once I finally got to MIT start at around 5:40!!! To be honest, I could try to write about everything that has happened in this last week or so since I have arrived at MIT, but that would most likely result in the crashing of the internet and the explosion of my computer. I will probably do a few later posts about the details of things like moving in, the crazy weather, fire alarms, and whatnot in the future, but this post will just be a hodgepodge of my initial thoughts and feelings of moving into MIT!!! I am not going to lie it wasn’t until the plane started landing that I realized I was going to be leaving home to start a new life as a student. First things first would be the people here. Above the parasailing, the F1 racing, the beautiful walks across the river, etc. etc. etc. I have fallen in love with the people here (platonically of course…… at least for the most part (awkward lol)). The thing about MIT is they know exactly what they are doing when they pick out every respective student. MIT picks people like-minded enough to not hate each other, but different enough that every conversation with anyone leads to learning something new. I actually cannot remember how many times over these last few weeks I have found myself up at 2am sitting at some random table with seven people I didn’t know only hours before talking about the world and how we would love to see it change.h This aspect of MIT truly meant the world to me. I have always been one of those guys that loved to question the world around me; however, in day to day life it is often hard to find other people that will listen let alone participate in a conversation about some random curiosity. However, at MIT you can more or less assume everyone you meet is more than ready to hop right into a conversation about anything from computers on wheels to gun control. Anyone/everyone is ready to both teach and learn about nothing/anything/everything, and I have to say I love that. Of course a post about my initial thoughts at MIT would be nothing without my input on what it is like to start classes here….. So I shall do that……… ummm…… (Suspense must be killing you)…….. Now! My first 8.01 pset…….. Ever since life is just different lolllll……. Well to start off I would like to say that I had always heard that MIT was hard, and I of course I had been mentally preparing myself for that; nevertheless, I don’t think I was 100% ready for what was coming up. My initial response to the first day of class could only be tied to that feeling you get when you reach into your pocket and realize that your phone isn’t there. Your heart starts to beat fast, you start looking around frantically for some sign that might bring you even the smallest sense of relief, and then you immediately start running through your memory in order to satisfy the question: “How did I get here?” For the most part high school begins with a nice day of syllabus, followed by a few days or so of review, and then a nice simple subject that will ease you into the year. MIT on the other hand does not offer you the same luxury. MIT would much rather skip over the awkward metaphorical small talk that we have become so accustomed to, and go straight to the deep metaphorical big talk that we might reach at some time later in the metaphorical conversation going on here. My Chinese name for Chinese I. You can call me Ou Jiaming ;) I think the best example of this would be my first few days in my Chinese I class. I walk into a lecture room of about 10-12 students and the professor says to all of us ‘never spoken Chinese in our lives but hoping to come here and learn some Chinese, but not really sure what we are in for’ students and proceeds to tell us that this first class is the only class we will speak English in. Ever since, I have not heard a word of English in that class from the students or the professor. Initially this idea terrified me. I had never spoken a word of Chinese and now for an hour a day it was my only language. Nevertheless, I very soon came to love the idea. I was learning more Chinese in my first week than I had learned of Spanish in three years. Not only that, but I was beginning to hold up small conversation and quickly able to understand and respond to the professor in Chinese, something I often had trouble doing in Spanish. This idea of complete immediate emersion is not only present in Chinese, but any class at MIT. Instead of keeping us in our comfort zone, professors throw you into the deep end. Though it might be terrifying at first, the rate at which you begin to learn and understand the subject seems to increase exponentially. In just a week or so of classes I feel I have come to understand more about physics, biology, and calculus than I had learned over a semester in high school. To some that might be terrifying, and in all honesty it made me nervous as well; however, the fact that you come to realize is that you are not alone in this journey. Every other student around you is being plunged into the deep end of this pool with you. You are not trying to learn swimming all by yourself, it’s a group effort that encompasses every student that has decided to attend MIT. (Random note, you do actually have to learn to swim- fantastic blog post on that here.) After only a week at MIT I have already come to fall in love with every part of the school. Of course this post cannot cover every aspect of my first week here, things like dance troop, fraternity Rush events (official brother of Phi Kappa Theta woot woot!!!), adventures into Boston, FYRE events, etc. etc. (I pronounce this word eh-tuh-kuh not et cetera, it’s just what I do, don’t worry about it), but that is what these blogs are for! Over my next four years I hope to give all of you guys insight into all of these events. So stay tuned, never know what might pop up :P !!!!!!!!!!!

Edocs.Inc - 3865 Words

Duisenberg School of Finance Amsterdam 2 March 2010 | | |edocs, Inc. | | | |Entrepreneurial Finance Assignment | |Ellie Abdali |[ovu15189] | |Natalie Shriber |[0433926] | |Nikola Tadic |[ovu68532] | 1. Why does†¦show more content†¦If no other investor is convinced of the potential of the edocs business model, CRV will suffer financial damage. First of all, CRV would need to come up with an additional $2M and the news about this failed collaboration will also damage the edocs investment. Therefore, CRV will argue that it needs some measure of compensation for such damages. In addition, CRV could argue that the idea behind the syndication is to give the investment company (edocs) access to a diverse network and to provide a stronger financial syndicate. So in fact, CRV has the best interest of the portfolio company in mind. Edocs, on the other hand, will argue that CRV, based on the firm valuation, has proposed an investment amount and that CRV should also be responsible for raising the funds. There is no justifiable business reason for penalizing the founders if CRV is not successful in finding a syndicate partner. The founders would not want to bear the risk and the costs of CRV not finding a co-investor. It is not likely that edocs will accept this warrant arrangement, especially since the VC market is booming. The founders even have an offer for their company readily waiting for them back home. Guerster on the other hand will be conservative in his negotiations on behalf of CRV. First of all, Guerster is taking a huge reputational risk with this investment. Secondly, Guerster is a new

The Role of African American Women in the Civil Rights...

The African American Civil Rights Movement was a series of protests in the United States South from approximately 1955 through 1968. The overall goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to achieve racial equality before the law. Protest tactics were, overall, acts of civil disobedience. Rarely were they ever intended to be violent. From sit-ins to boycotts to marches, the activists involved in the Civil Rights Movement were vigilant and dedicated to the cause without being aggressive. While African-American men seemed to be the leaders in this epic movement, African-American women played a huge role behind the scenes and in the protests. When discussing the American Civil Rights Movement, the names that seem to come up are those of†¦show more content†¦However, unlike many protest leaders, Clark’s most influential work was done behind the scenes. Septima Poinsette Clark was an educator first and foremost. She got a job teaching as soon as she graduated from high school a nd taught children during the day and illiterate adults at night. She first got involved in political activism when she began campaigning for equal salaries for teachers regardless of their race. She also joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which eventually cost Clark her job. Because she was unable to find work, she was forced to move to Monteagle, Tennessee where she worked as a teacher at Highlander Folk School. This is where Septima Clark would make her mark on history. She began by teaching â€Å"literacy cources† where she would teach uneducated adults simple things like how to fill out a voter registration card or a driver’s license forms. Clark saw a need for this type of education and realized that this was the key to the advancement of the African American people. It was through these ideas that Septima Clark eventually developed the idea for â€Å"Citizenship Schools†. These were schools that taught adults how to read and eventually gain citizenship through education. The citizenship schools are what Septima Clark is most famous for, and for good reason. They not only increased literacy and education, theyShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Women During The Civil Rights Era942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Era, which took place during the years of 1955 till 1968, was indeed the movement that gave African Americans the push to achieve their first major accomplishments of the decade. The Civil Rights Movements goals were to break down the walls of legal segregation in public places, achieve equality and justice for African Americans, and to help make African Americans become more self-conscious when standing for all their interest. This movement not only benefited men, but it also benefitedRead MoreThe Memos On Women During The Civ il Rights Movement Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagesboth races. Two Memos on Women Women learned from their involvement with the civil rights movement to â€Å"think radically about the personal worth and abilities of people whose role in society had gone unchallenged before.† These thoughts, naturally, became part of how women began to place themselves within the civil rights movement and to truly start to think about what being a woman in a civil rights organization, like SNCC meant. In a way SNCC acted similarly to the radical abolitionists of theRead MoreThe During The 19th Century902 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lives of women and blacks completely. It was an age where the impact of the industrial revolution caused a sharp differentiation between the gender roles, especially of the upper and middle classes. In 19th century, appeared the events such as African American Civil Rights Movement, Civil War, and The Women’s Rights Movement had put women and blacks’ role to a new level. During the Civil War, women stepped out of their domestic doma ins to support the soldiers. In the meantime, African slaves hadRead MoreThe War On The Home Front1112 Words   |  5 Pagesfront. Those two events were WWII and the Cold War. Civil rights, the cultural norms, and society at large, had changed greatly during a short amount of time due to these events. The United States was fight a war on two fronts, both at home and overseas. The wars overseas had great influence and impact on the successes that would come over time on the home front. Without these wars and times of trials and tribulations, the civil rights movement and society as a whole, would most likely have not hadRead MoreThe Role Of Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1503 Words   |  7 PagesProtests have long been an essential part of American life, employed to to draw attention to critical issues,events, and injustices. Ranging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such a s Nicaragua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation but moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislationRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans were brought to America during the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happenedRead MoreLeadership Styles And Activism Of African American Women1026 Words   |  5 Pagesto identify important leaders of the civil rights movement, the name that most often comes to one’s mind is Martin Luther King Jr. Others may mention James Forman, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, James Farmer, Andrew Young, or Bayard Rustin. Notably missing are the names of women leaders. Rarely would Ella Baker, Septima Clark, Gloria Richardson, Daisy Bates, or Fannie Lou Hamer be identi fied. The absence of the women leaders of the civil rights movement from history is not because there wereRead MoreEssay about Frq Analysis1138 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic Pride †¢ Gender Roles †¢ Music †¢ Race Relations †¢ Hippies †¢ Sexual Revolution 2. Explain THREE of the following and analyze the ways in which each of the three has affected the status of women in American society since 1940: †¢ 1950’s View of Women vs. 1960’s View of Women †¢ Changing Economic Conditions †¢ The Rebirth of an Organized Women’s Rights Movement (ERA) †¢ Advances inRead MorePersonal Experience with The African American Civil Rights Era1546 Words   |  6 PagesEmancipation Proclamation, African Americans in the south were still faced with innumerable injustices, including disenfranchisement, segregation, and violence. Jim Crow laws infringed on African Americans’ fundamental rights to a basic education, to suffrage, to serve on a jury, to enter certain shops, and even to use a public restroom. Throughout this time period, activists, African American and white alike, rallied for change using all methods possible: nonviolent protest, civil disobedience, and evenRead MoreShould America Be The Same?1648 Words   |  7 Pagesago, The Civil Rights Movement was blossoming into a nation-wide dilemma as America began to be a nation of racism and segregation but the Civil Rights Movement’s effect on other minorities, race equality, and the important role it plays in society today makes it so greatly impactful o n America. From the beginning, African Americans were always treated differently from others whether it was equal pay or going to designated place just because of their skin color; the Civil Rights Movement changed

Declaratory Theory Free Essays

string(57) " refer to any existing case law, or any legal principle\." â€Å"Declaratory theory is propounded on the belief that judges’ decisions never make law, rather they only constitute evidence of what the law is. However, this view is no longer accepted. There are three reasons for the persistence of the declaratory theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Declaratory Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the first place, it appealed in the separation of powers. Secondly, it concealed the fact that judge-made law is retrospective in its effect and finally, when the judges confronted with a new, unusual, or different point, they tend to present as if the answer is provided by the common law. One of the most widely-accepted principles of the English legal system is what is known as the ‘declaratory theory’ of judicial decision-making. This principle states that when judges are required to make decisions, they do not create or change the law, they merely ‘declare’ it. That is, a judge says what he or she finds the law to be; no ‘new’ law is ever created by judges. New law comes from Parliament. For example, the Criminal Justice Bill that is currently going through Parliament will make fairly radical changes to the criminal law. It will take away the blanket immunity that currently exists from being prosecuted twice for the same offence. No-one is suggesting that this Bill declares the law: the ancient ‘double-jeopardy’ principle has existed for centuries. When the Bill is enacted, the law will simply change. This article attempts to show, first, that the declaratory theory itself is based on indefensible assumptions of fact. Second, it shows that the theory sometimes leads to bizarre conclusions, which can only be avoided by the most strained reasoning. Finally, it examines why the theory commands so much reverence, when most academics and many judges believe it to be fatally flawed. Why the declaratory theory is factually indefensible The classical exposition of the declaratory theory is that of Lord Esher in Willis v Baddeley (1892): There is, in fact, no such thing as judge-made law, for the judges do not make the law, though they frequently have to apply existing law to circumstances as to which it has not previously been authoritatively laid down that such law is applicable. That judges appear to create and change law is undeniable; cases like Donaghue v Stevenson, Hedley Byrne v Heller, and Wednesbury represent significant developments in the law. In Lord Esher’s view, the judges in these cases would simply be applying existing principles to new fact situations. But where do these existing principles come from? Some of them, no doubt, come from previous case law. When a judge is called on to decide a case, most often a decision can be made by looking at previous cases whose facts are similar to those at issue, and reasoning from them. Very often there will be previous cases that are binding on a particular court, and these will dictate the outcome. But unless we are to accept an infinite regress of case law, back to the very dawn of time, there must be some point in the past at which an issue was first decided. The romantic view is that the earliest judicial decisions were made by the ‘wandering justices’ of the 13th century, who travelled the land at the King’s behest, applying and unifying the existing law of the land. The pragmatic view is that the English common law results from an attempt by the Norman French nobility to apply its standards of law in a conquered country, while giving an illusion of continuity. Whether the legal developments of the medieval period followed from a process of approving established legal custom, or from the imposition of a foreign jurisprudence, neither represent an answer to the question where the foundational principles come from. There are really only two possibilities: either they were, at some point, created by the judges, or they were based on existing ‘universal truths’ that were self-evident to the judges. The declaratory theory repudiates the notion that the judges ‘made things up’, so the only alternative is that they were based on universal truths. The notion that law is based on fundamental, self-evident principles of ethics is often called ‘natural law’ jurisprudence. To be fair, the idea of ‘natural law’ has had a bit of a revival in the last fifty years or so, after being out of favour since the 18th century. The idea that the declaratory theory can be traced back to natural law therefore does not attract the same scepticism today as it would have in the 19th century. The problem with natural law is that even if one is prepared to accept its basic tenet, that there indeed are self-evident principles of ethics, it is by no means obvious that every situation that requires a judicial decision is one in which such fundamentals are at issue. Consider, for example, the well-known case of Entores v Miles Far East Corp (1955). This concerned the formation of a contract by telex machine, in the very early days of this technology. Previously most formal business transactions would have been carried out by post; the ‘postal rule’ was – and still is – that if person A offers to contract with person B, then the contract is formed when B’s letter of acceptance is posted to A. This is the case even if B’s acceptance never even reaches A. When considering the use of telex, the court had to decide whether the same principle could be applied to telex as to post, that is, whether a telexed acceptance was effective on sending, or on receipt. The leading judgement in Entores was given by Denning LJ. In his judgement he does not refer to any existing case law, or any legal principle. You read "Declaratory Theory" in category "Papers" Instead, he says that it is simply reasonable and obvious that a telex must be received to be effective. If the declarative theory is correct, then Denning’s judgement cannot be creating law: it must be declaring what the law is. But since he does not refer to any existing law, it must, presumably, be derived from universal principles. Now, a proponent of natural law may believe it is self-evident that, for example, murder and rape are wrong. But it takes a real leap of faith to believe that there are principles of natural law at stake in deciding when a telexed contract is formed. The reality, of course, is that when Entores was heard, no-one really wanted to see the ‘postal rule’ extended to a new technology. Denning’s judgement is an entirely pragmatic one. It does not require any higher principles to be considered. In summary, the declaratory theory is predicated absolutely on acceptance of a natural law view of jurisprudence, not just for fundamental principles of ethics, but for everything. This, I suggest, is just too much to swallow. Why the declaratory theory produces bizarre results Law students generally know about the ‘retrospectivity of the declaratory theory’; but it doesn’t seem to be well understood that this is not a doctrinal matter, or something that can be argued either way, it is an inevitable conclusion of the declaratory theory. If a judicial decision cannot create new law, then when the judge declares the law, as a matter of plain logic he is declaring what the law always was. In the Entores example discussed above, this does not create a problem. It established that the use of telex had certain legal consequences, but since telex was only just coming into use when this decision was made, the fact that Denning was declaring what the law was is of no consequence. It is purely a matter of academic discussion whether the ‘postal rule’ would have applied to telex in, say, the 15th century. It is, surely, of not practical consequence. Perhaps the first occasion on which the full implications of the declaratory theory had to be confronted squarely by a court was in the case of Kleinwort Benson v Leicester CC. Here, the House of lords had to rule on what should have been, for a court of this standing, a routine matter. The question at issue was whether money was recoverable in a restitution action, if it was paid from one party to another in a mistaken understanding of law. It had always been the case that money paid under of a misunderstanding of fact was recoverable. It was widely believed that the inability to reclaim money paid under a mistake of law was unjust, and incompatible with other legal principles and other jurisdictions. Both parties to the case, and all five of the law lords, were in agreement on this point: it should be possible to recover money paid under a mistake of law. The disagreement was on whether the decision that it was recoverable should apply only to new cases, or to past cases. Kleinwort Benson, a bank, had already paid its money to the defendant local authority. It therefore argued that the decision should operate retrospectively, so it could reclaim its money. The Local Authority, on the other hand, argued that the decision should not have retrospective effect. The problem was that if the issue were decided in favour of the claimant bank, it must have retrospective effect. This is a direct consequence of the declarative theory. After all, if the law at time T1 was X, and it is later changed at time T2 by judicial ‘declaration’ to Y, then the effect of that declaration is to deem that the law at T1 was Y as well. Of course, no-one at time T1 knew this, and so a decision made on the basis that the law was X, not Y, was necessarily mistaken. You may be wondering why this would have such dramatic consequences. Well, a potentially large number of businesses could suddenly find that the they had grounds for litigation arising from things that happened in the distant past, and which they had no way of knowing at the time would be actionable. No-one would wish to see a barrage of ancient, poorly-remembered cases dragged up before the courts in the hope of gain. For technical reasons which I don’t have space to explain here, the Limitations Act would not prevent this. So the Law Lords were faced with a problem. They could decide justly, in favour of the claimant bank, by ruling that it could recover its money, and accept the inevitable problems that the retrospectivity of its decision would bring. Or it could decide against the claimant, and avoid the problems, but at the expense of leaving in place an unjust and criticised rule of law. It was simply not open to the judges to change the unjust law, without the change being retrospective, unless they were prepared to openly attack the declarative theory. It is interesting to see how the various judges attempted to deal with this problem. It should be noted from the outset that all the Law Lords in Kleinwort Benson agreed that, in practice, judicial decisions do change the law, rather than simply declaring it. No-one suggested for a moment that the declaratory theory was actually true. For example, Lord Goff says: It is universally recognised that judicial development of the common law is inevitable. If it had never taken place, the common law would be the same now as it was in the reign of King Henry II†¦ However, there was very little enthusiasm for making an official pronouncement to that effect. We will discuss possible reasons for this later. Lord Browne-Wilkinson proposed a judicial damage-limitation exercise. He suggested that although the declaratory theory should be upheld, it could be prevented from giving rise to actions arising out of past conduct. †¦ retrospection cannot falsify history: if at the date of each payment it was settled law†¦ [the claimants] were not labouring under any mistake of law at that date. The subsequent decision †¦ could not create a mistake where no mistake existed at the time. In other words, what he seems to be saying is that although the claimants did in fact err in law, they had not made a mistake of law, so they could not reclaim their payments. This is quite a neat trick, because it upholds the revered declaratory theory, while preventing it giving rise to an undesirable situation. However, it does rely on accepting that there are two different metas of ‘mistake of law’. One meta occurs when a person misunderstands the law that actually subsists at the time he applies it, and which continues to subsist. The other meta occurs when a person correctly understands the law at the time he made the decision, but his understanding was later made wrong by a judicial decision. Even if one accepts this arbitrary and unfounded distinction, it seems impossible to avoid the conclusion that it is unjust. If a person makes a mistake of law, and the law remains the same, then the mistaken person can reclaim any money paid as a result of that mistake. On the other hand, a person who later finds that he was mistaken as a result of judicial decision cannot reclaim anything. Yet the latter person is blameless: his decision has been ‘wronged’ by later events beyond his control. The former person could at least (in theory) have discovered what the law was. The effect of the Browne-Wilkinson solution is to leave the declaratory theory intact, at the expense of justice and common sense. Lord Goff showed, perhaps, the greatest reverence for the declaratory theory: I can see no good reason why your Lordships’ House should take a step which, as I see it, is inconsistent with the declaratory theory of judicial decision as applied in our legal system†¦ As a result, he was prepared to allow a person to recover money paid under a decision in law which was correct at the time, and later shown to be false. In his analysis, the claimant was labouring under a mistake of law, but simply did not know it. Lord Goff correctly analysed the effect of the retrospectivity of the declaratory theory, and allowed it to stand despite the odd results it engenders. Lord Hoffman recognised the problems that would follow from finding for the claimant, but decided that they were a price worth paying for doing justice in the particular case: This may suggest that your Lordships should leave the whole question†¦ o the legislature†¦ There is obviously a strong argument for doing so, but I do not think that it should prevail over the desirability of giving in this case what your Lordships consider to be a just and principled decision. Lord Hope decided along much the same lines as Lord Goff. Of the five Law Lords, Lord Lloyd was the only one to cri ticise the declarative theory: It follows that†¦ the House of lords is doing more than develop the law. It is changing the law, as common sense suggests†¦ If this view of what happens is inconsistent with the declaratory theory of the court’s function, then it is time we said so. It always was a fairy tale. And: For myself, I would want to allow the appeal, if I could, [avoiding the effect of retrospectivity]. But as that is not to be, I consider the second best course is to leave the abolition of the mistake of law rule to Parliament. He seems to be saying that a decision for the claimant, coupled with the effect of the declaratory theory, will produce results so bizarre and unpredictable that it ought not to be allowed. In other words, the price of doing justice in this case is too high. Legal retrospectivity is bad enough in the civil law, but in the criminal law it becomes a human rights issue. Article 7(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights specifically forbids criminal sanctions for an act that did not constitute a crime at the time it was committed. In other words, however heinous we might think an act is, it can’t be punished unless the offender had a way to know it was illegal. Of course, ‘ignorance of the law is no defence’, but the offender has to be able to know the law to be bound by it. Consider the famous House of lords case of R v R (1994). This concerned a man who raped his wife, and based his defence on the fact that for a man to rape his wife was not, in fact, illegal. It may be condemned, it may even be wicked, but it was not – at that time – illegal. If a man had approach a solicitor in 1990 and said ‘Look, I’m thinking of raping my wife, is that illegal? ‘ a competent solicitor may well have said: ‘Well, of course I wouldn’t condone it, but the balance of authority is that it isn’t actually illegal’. He could have cited authorities going back to the 16th century to back this up. At this time, there was increasing pressure on Parliament and the courts to overturn this unedifying principle of law, but when R was heard, no action had been taken. To cut a long story short, the House of lords decided that marital rape was illegal, reversing a 400-year tradition. Everyone, with the exception of the defendant, heaved a sigh of relief. Later that year, the decision was put on a statutory basis, which appeared to settle the matter once and for all. The fly in the ointment is our old friend retrospectivity. The decision in R was not that marital rape was illegal, but that it had always been illegal. Again, the court had no power to decide otherwise. And this means that an octogenarian who raped his wife in the 1940’s could now be prosecuted. You may feel that this is a just conclusion; you may feel that rapists should get their just deserts. However, the fact remains that we would be punishing a person for something which was not illegal at the time, and which he would have no way of knowing was ever going to be illegal. The social conditions of the time may not even have led our hypothetical defendant to think he was doing anything wrong. But he could still be prosecuted. This may sound far-fetched, but in fact within a year of the decision in R, cases were being heard in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). SW v United Kingdom (1995) concerned a man who was prosecuted in 1994 for a rape he had allegedly committed in 1990. If was far from obvious that marital rape was illegal in 1990. The ECHR upheld the criminal conviction, on the basis that when the rapes occurred, the defendants could have reasonably foreseen that the criminalisation of martial rape was likely. The problem with the decision in SW v UK is that it suggests that a person must govern his behaviour, not by what the law is, but by what he predicts it will be when any consequent prosecution is bought. So, not only is ignorance of the law no defence, but ignorance of the future development of the law is also no defence! None of the forgoing is intended to condone the practice of marital rape. Judicial retrospectivity presents the same kind of problem for any criminal offence, of any severity. Lord Diplock has suggested that the retrospectivity of judicial decisions discourages judges from correcting defects in the law. Judges have to be very conservative if they must predict not only the effect of their decisions on new cases, but the effect they would have had if made in the past. To get around this problem, the Supreme Court of the USA has adopted the device of ‘prospective overruling’; this device allows the court to state that a decision that changes the law is not to have retrospective effect. The problem is that prospective overruling is simply incompatible with the declaratory theory. If the former comes in, the latter must go. However, as Prof. Zander says, the courts can accept that the declaratory, retrospective effect of its decisions is doctrinally ‘correct’, while at the same time letting it be known that they will decide cases on the basis of the law as would have been understood when the events occurred, not when the case is heard. This is a fudge, but probably a workable fudge. Why is the declaratory theory so revered? In Albion’s Fatal Tree (1975), Douglas Hay argues that the decline in formal religious observance in the 18th century left a power vacuum to be filled by the law. For law to command the respect of society in the way that the church had done, it was necessary that it be seen as something above and beyond its practitioners: The punctilious attention to forms, the dispassionate and legalistic exchanges between counsel and the judge, argued that those administering the laws submitted to its rules†¦ In short, it’s very inefficiency, its absurd formalism, was part of its strength as ideology. Such an ideology would be undermined, of course, if it were seen that law were nothing more than the creation of ordinary people. It was the job of the legal profession to form an elite, and thereby shield the ugly reality of lawmaking from public scrutiny. While this argument may have had validity in the 18th century, it is not at all easy to see that it stands up in the 21st century. To respect the law, we don’t necessarily need to view it as having supernatural origins. Moreover, since the 18th century the development of the law has increasingly been effected by statute. No-one expects Parliament’s legislative programme to be to be guided by anything more than the views of society as expressed through the ballot box. Nevertheless, while most judges tacitly accept that their activities have the effect of lawmaking, relatively few have been prepared to criticise the declaratory theory in public. Lord Reid is usually credited with first describing the declaratory theory as a ‘fairy tale’; in a 1972 article ‘The judge as law-maker’ in JSPTL he described the ‘Aladdin’s cave’ in which ‘those with a taste for fairy tales’ expect the common law to be found. However, he was not the first influential judge to cast doubt on the declaratory theory. For example, Lord Radcliffe wrote in the Law Society Gazette in 1964 †¦ here was never a more sterile controversy than that upon the question whether a judge makes law. Of course he does. How can he help it? Such comments are, to say the least, unusual. Prof. Atiyah is probably the most outspoken critic of the modern judicial attitude to the declaratory theory. In Judges and Policy ([1980] ILR 346) he identified five reasons for its continued existence. First, it is to the advantage of the judge if he can, in a difficult case, deflect any criticism of his own decision onto ‘the law’ as a higher principle. As Atiyah says, of course, this can be seen as a ‘shabby attempt to evade responsibility’. Nonetheless, the job of a judge is difficult enough, without having to deal with personal attacks on his decisions. Lord Devlin has suggested that judges will occasionally hint to claimants that they wish they could find otherwise, but are bound by ‘the law’. Second, it is generally accepted as a constitutional principle that it is the role of the legislature to make law, and the role of the judiciary to interpret it in specific cases. Where judges do make law, they should do so within narrow constraints. There is undoubtedly some virtue in this principle. The most famous exponent of judicial creativity in modern times is almost certainly Lord Denning. His view was very much that it was the job of the judge to ‘do justice’; if that meant that principles of law had to be bent to fit, that was a price worth paying. The problem is that his decisions do not generalise. It is often difficult for later judges, reading his reasoning, to determine whether the decisions he made are based on law that ought to be applicable in other cases, or to fact situations particular to the case under consideration. This is evidenced by the fact that many of the principles that he established by doing the right thing in a particular case have come to be misapplied in later cases, and have had to be circumscribed by later judges. For example, his decision in Solle v Butcher (1949) that a contract could be set aside on ‘equitable grounds’ when entered under a mutual mistake, did justice in the case itself. This decision was followed in a large number of cases, but it was never entirely clear what would amount to ‘equitable grounds’. Finally, in 2003 the case of The Great Peace more or less demolished the entire concept of ‘mistake in equity’ and put this branch of law back where it was 50 years ago. Even if judicial creativity can do justice in the present case without compromising later decisions, there are other reasons why judicial creativity should be constrained. Judges are only able to deal with cases they hear; it is difficult for them to take a wider view of any issue. Judges are not well-placed to make decisions that involve elements of social policy. In addition, arguably judges are drawn from a much narrower section of society than MPs, and therefore less representative. Third, Atiyah argues that judicial lawmaking is tolerated only because it is not exercised openly. Lord Devlin has argued (Judges and lawmakers [1976] 39 MLR 11) that if the courts are given, or arrogate to themselves, the power to make decisions without retrospective effect (and thereby demolish the declarative theory) this will amount to an approval to engage in judicial law-making in the large. While we accept that development of the law requires an occasional exercise of judicial creativity, the fact that it has to be done on the sly means that it won’t be done all that often: Paddling across the Rubicon by individuals in disguise†¦ is better than the bridging of the river by an army in uniform with bands playing. Atiyah’s fourth argument is that many judges themselves have a naive and simplistic view of their own lawmaking role. They frequently speak or write as though the only alternative to a slavish devotion to the declaratory theory is the wholesale abandonment of the doctrine of precedent and the separation of powers. Judges frequently invoke Seldon’s old chestnut about the law varying with the length of the Lord Chancellor’s foot as a reason for their own conservatism. However, there is no reason to assume that a disavowal of the declaratory theory need signal the end of the doctrine of precedent (it has not done so in the USA), or the dissolution of the separation of powers. The fifth argument is that public respect for the judiciary depends on their strict and evident impartiality. If the judge was seen to create or change law, the implication is that the judge prefers one view of law to another. But, as Atiyah says, there is no reason to believe that the public will respect a judge that is impartial but unjust, more than one that is partial but fair. Judicial adherence, at least in public, to the declaratory theory may be for the very best of motives. However, in a well-educated, democratic society, it is doubtful whether it is ever appropriate for the governing classes to espouse one point of view in public, and a different one in private. Not only is it intellectually dishonest, it is doubtful whether it is necessary. Moreover, it is a strategy that is unlikely to work for much longer. It seems unlikely that the public will be moved to increased confidence in the judiciary, when it becomes obvious that the judiciary have practised a paternalistic and patronising form of misinformation for all these years. â€Å" How to cite Declaratory Theory, Papers

The Effect of Music in a Developing Fetus Essay Example For Students

The Effect of Music in a Developing Fetus Essay Mothers who do not secure their fetus in a safe environment are asking the chance of their child experiencing birth defects at birth. Every mother wants to give birth too healthy child. It can be heartbreaking for a mother to find out that their child has been born with a birth defect such as a hearing problem or possibly having a deaf child. Music has a powerful effect to our emotions, and it can affect the way we think. Music can calm the baby but mothers should be aware of the possibilities of birth defects, such as, hard-hearing, deaf, and even death. We will write a custom essay on The Effect of Music in a Developing Fetus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many mothers have a concern if music is the best thing for their growing fetus or can it harm the fetus. There have been many articles stating that classical music helps make the baby become smarter but there are no proven scientific facts. Classical music is most suggested for the unborn to listen to because it can stimulate the baby and can come out with positive results (Pregnancy-info. Net, 2012). Exposure to loud chaotic music can cause some birth defects when baby is born (Coil, 2012). Classical music has had a positive impact on the pregnant woman, which makes people believe that it has the same impact on the fetus. The smoothing sounds of the classical music has proven to be more relaxing and can help lower blood pressure, earth burn and morning sickness for some. A study done in the sass showed that listening to the classic pianist Mozart can help improve spatial reasoning in college students (Heinous, 2009). After this news got out to the public there was a craze that people wanted the younger generations to listen to Mozart to become more intelligent. Mothers were told to have their toddlers then infants then fetus listen to Mozart so they can become more intelligent when they grow up. Though this may not be true since we do not know what is going on with the fetus mentally or cognitively while in the womb. Classical music has had a positive impact on the pregnant woman, which makes people believe that it has the same impact on the fetus. Many mothers have questioned if having their fetus exposed to music could come to a positive or negative result. According to the website pregnancy-info. Net (2012), playing soft music for your fetus stimulates the fetus to be calm and is probably best for the fetus development rather than loud chaotic music. Fetal breathing patterns were measure by researchers and in the result it showed that babies respond to musical rhythms, and that calm music has an effect for soothing the baby (Music and By Tangency throughout the pregnancy the fetus will show interest in that song for about the first year of life. Prenatal musical stimulation can definitely come in positive results such as increased attention span, improved sleeping habits, increased cognitive development, and a higher level of language skills (Music and Your Fetus, 2012). There are no proven facts that playing music for the unborn child will make him or her smarter but studies have shown that it makes the baby do better in math-related studies (Music and Your Fetus, Para. 5). Rock music is considered too chaotic for the tutus and can cause hearing problems when the baby is born (Coil, 2012). However, classical and acoustic music is soft and smoothing; it is most recommended for the fetus to hear because it keeps them calm. According to the website articles. Com (2008), a study showed that constant exposure to aggressive loud chaotic music negatively alters the brains development. .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .postImageUrl , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:hover , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:visited , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:active { border:0!important; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:active , .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud47bfab55144533a991fa410f0f14d8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Traditions Around the World Chapter EssayPlaying calming and pleasant music at a level of 70 decibels or lower will surely soothe the mother and the baby (Coil, 2012, Para. 5). A study done by Daily Mail showed that when they split pregnant women into wow groups, with 116 given music CDC and 120, in the control group, receiving normal pregnancy care found that after two weeks those in the music group were far less stressed, depressed or anxious (NASH Knowledge Service, 2008). The most appropriate age for a fetus to be introduce to music is around the twenty-eighth week and some say even earlier (Music and Your Fetus, 2012). According to Pregnancy-info. Net (2012) at about 24 weeks the fetus outer, middle, and inner ear are well-developed and by 27 to 30 weeks old the fetus ear is mature enough to respond to the sounds around him/her. Though it has been found true that evolving fetus are stimulated by sounds, there has been no true evidence to prove the baby will learn while growing in the womb (Heinous, 2009). You can play a song, read a book or even talk to your baby, and you may get a kick or movement in your belly, but it is not known if the baby is gaining any knowledge (Arabian, 2012). The first scientific approach that was used to detect fetal hearing capacities was performed by Prayer in 1885. Studies have shown that the onset of fetal responses to sound has been used by a variety of UN-physiological stimulation; an example would be a broadcasting stimulation device (VASS). Hundreds of studies were tested on VASS for fetal well-being from 1980 and onwards, no reactions were found when VASS was used in deaf fetus and that proved that a fetus hearing ability depended on cochlear function. A study has shown that a fetus at nineteen weeks and onwards were presented with 100 Hzs-3000 Hzs tone frequencies and first response was at 23 weeks at 500 Hzs, 27 weeks 100-500 Hzs and at 31 weeks responses were observed at 1000-3000 HZS (Arabian, 2002). A big concern for mothers is the safety of exposing their unborn child to music. One study, done by the American Academy of Pediatrics, cooked at the affects of loud music and its harm to a fetus. To gather all this information they waited for the baby to be born and then examined the newborns hearing and made their conclusions. The mothers for this experiment had to consistently be around noise that was eight five to ninety decibels. The outcome to the several tests showed that the exposure to chaotic noise during pregnancy may result in high-frequency hearing loss in newborns (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1997). Exposure to soft smoothing music for the fetus can stimulate and calm the baby, and the mother as well (Coil, 2012). Soft calming music is most suggested if you want to stimulate your fetus but keep the volume at a low pitch. You would not want to over stimulate your baby. The mother should play music that she finds calming and relaxing. Usually if the music calms the mother the same will go for the child (Pregnant-info. Net, 2012). However, exposure to loud chaotic music can cause birth defects such as hearing loss, increases the chances of giving birth prematurely, and having the baby born with a low birth weight (Coil, 2012). Of course every mother wants what is best for their baby so it is important not to turn up the music o high because it can definitely come out with the opposite effect you are aiming for with your child exposed to music (Pregnancy-info. Net, 2012). In conclusion, the effect of music in a developing fetus is yet to be studied. There are no scientific facts proving whether music is a good influence on the fetus or not. There are some articles that state that it helps the brain development or helps improve math-related studies and there are some articles that state that it can cause birth defects. The mother must take into consideration that she must avoid loud aggressive chaotic music for the safety of her unborn baby. After the observation, it is clear that soft calming music can help soothe the mother and the fetus and possibly come out with positive results. .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .postImageUrl , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:hover , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:visited , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:active { border:0!important; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:active , .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4 .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8b6dbc4376b3eb77bc3c81d99a280f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Modern Music EssayLoud chaotic music can definitely cause major birth defects, such as, a deaf baby, a hard-hearing baby, and even death. It is recommended to stay away from loud areas while pregnant for the safety of the unborn baby. If a mother is unsure to expose music to her fetus, a mothers voice is always the best option rather than making a decision that could affect the growing fetus. REFERENCES 1 . Pregnancy-info. Et. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. Pregnancy-info. Net/music- and-your-fetus. HTML 2. Coil, B. (2012). Livingston. Com.